{
  "datasetVersion": "2.1",
  "generatedAt": "2026-08-20T18:18:49.436Z",
  "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
  "nextReview": "2026-09-10",
  "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "attribution": "ImpactLab AI Policy Radar, v2.1, 13 August 2026. https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar. Licensed CC BY 4.0.",
  "source": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar",
  "counts": {
    "instruments": 53,
    "jurisdictions": 23,
    "deadlines": 10,
    "signals": 34
  },
  "instruments": [
    {
      "id": "eu-ai-act",
      "slug": "eu-artificial-intelligence-act-regulation-eu-2024-1689",
      "name": "EU Artificial Intelligence Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1689)",
      "jurisdiction": "European Union",
      "jurisdictionCode": "EU",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2024-08-01",
      "description": "The world's first comprehensive, risk-based AI law. It bans a set of unacceptable practices (social scoring, manipulative AI, most real-time remote biometric ID), imposes heavy obligations on high-risk systems, regulates general-purpose AI models, and requires transparency for generative and interactive AI.",
      "whoIsAffected": "Providers of GPAI models released before August 2025",
      "domains": "Frontier AI Safety; Biometrics & Surveillance; Standards & Assurance",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/eu-artificial-intelligence-act-regulation-eu-2024-1689"
    },
    {
      "id": "eu-digital-omnibus-ai",
      "slug": "digital-omnibus-on-ai-regulation-eu-2026-1744",
      "name": "Digital Omnibus on AI (Regulation (EU) 2026/1744)",
      "jurisdiction": "European Union",
      "jurisdictionCode": "EU",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2026-07-27",
      "description": "The first formal simplification of the AI Act. Adopted July 2026, it delays high-risk obligations to December 2027 (standalone Annex III systems) and August 2028 (systems embedded in products), pending harmonised standards, and streamlines documentation and SME duties.",
      "whoIsAffected": "Providers of generative AI systems already on the EU market before August 2026",
      "domains": "Standards & Assurance; Frontier AI Safety",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=OJ%3AL_202601744",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/digital-omnibus-on-ai-regulation-eu-2026-1744"
    },
    {
      "id": "eu-gpai-code",
      "slug": "eu-general-purpose-ai-code-of-practice",
      "name": "EU General-Purpose AI Code of Practice",
      "jurisdiction": "European Union",
      "jurisdictionCode": "EU",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2025-08-02",
      "description": "A voluntary code operationalizing the AI Act's GPAI chapter across transparency, copyright and safety/security. Major model providers signed; signatories received a one-year enforcement grace period that ended 2 August 2026.",
      "whoIsAffected": "The Code is the de facto rulebook for frontier model providers in Europe — its safety-and-security commitments (model evaluations, incident reporting, cybersecurity) preview how binding GPAI supervision will work, and signature status signals a lab's regulatory posture.",
      "domains": "Frontier AI Safety; IP & Copyright",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/contents-code-gpai",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/eu-general-purpose-ai-code-of-practice"
    },
    {
      "id": "eu-gdpr",
      "slug": "general-data-protection-regulation-gdpr-as-applied-to-ai",
      "name": "General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) as applied to AI",
      "jurisdiction": "European Union",
      "jurisdictionCode": "EU",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2018-05-25",
      "description": "The EU's data-protection regime remains a primary AI constraint: legal bases for training data, automated-decision rights (Art. 22), and DPIAs for high-risk processing. EDPB opinions and national DPA enforcement have targeted major model providers' training practices.",
      "whoIsAffected": "Most AI enforcement in Europe to date has come through GDPR, not the AI Act. Training-data legality, model 'personal data memorization' questions and automated-decision rights are actively litigated — a compliance surface that predates and outlasts AI-specific law.",
      "domains": "Data & Privacy",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/general-data-protection-regulation-gdpr-as-applied-to-ai"
    },
    {
      "id": "eu-ai-liability-withdrawn",
      "slug": "ai-liability-directive",
      "name": "AI Liability Directive (withdrawn)",
      "jurisdiction": "European Union",
      "jurisdictionCode": "EU",
      "status": "Early signal",
      "keyDate": "2026-12-09",
      "description": "The Commission withdrew its proposed AI Liability Directive in February 2025, citing no foreseeable agreement. Civil liability for AI harms now runs through the revised Product Liability Directive (in force Dec 2024, applying from Dec 2026) and national tort law.",
      "whoIsAffected": "Manufacturers and providers placing AI-enabled products on the EU market",
      "domains": "Standards & Assurance",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/2853/oj",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/ai-liability-directive"
    },
    {
      "id": "italy-ai-law",
      "slug": "italy-law-132-2025-on-artificial-intelligence",
      "name": "Italy — Law 132/2025 on Artificial Intelligence",
      "jurisdiction": "Italy",
      "jurisdictionCode": "IT",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2025-10-10",
      "description": "Italy became the first EU member state with a national AI law, layering sector rules (healthcare, work, justice, public administration), child-protection measures, copyright provisions and new criminal penalties for harmful deepfakes on top of the EU AI Act.",
      "whoIsAffected": "A template for how member states will 'nationalize' the AI Act — adding criminal law, sector detail and national authorities (AgID, ACN). Companies operating across the EU should expect a second layer of member-state AI law, not a single uniform regime.",
      "domains": "Standards & Assurance; Employment & Labor; IP & Copyright",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2025/09/25/25G00149/sg",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/italy-law-132-2025-on-artificial-intelligence"
    },
    {
      "id": "us-eo-14179",
      "slug": "executive-order-14179-removing-barriers-to-american-leadership-in-ai",
      "name": "Executive Order 14179 — Removing Barriers to American Leadership in AI",
      "jurisdiction": "United States (Federal)",
      "jurisdictionCode": "US",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2025-01-23",
      "description": "Revoked the 2023 Biden AI executive order and reoriented federal AI policy toward removing regulatory barriers and securing US AI dominance, directing an AI Action Plan and review of all agency AI actions.",
      "whoIsAffected": "The clearest statement of the US deregulatory turn: safety-first federal governance was replaced by an acceleration agenda, shifting the compliance center of gravity to states, courts and international regimes.",
      "domains": "Frontier AI Safety; Governance & Procurement",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/01/31/2025-02172/removing-barriers-to-american-leadership-in-artificial-intelligence",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/executive-order-14179-removing-barriers-to-american-leadership-in-ai"
    },
    {
      "id": "us-ai-action-plan",
      "slug": "america-s-ai-action-plan",
      "name": "America's AI Action Plan",
      "jurisdiction": "United States (Federal)",
      "jurisdictionCode": "US",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2025-07-23",
      "description": "A 90+ point federal strategy across three pillars — accelerating innovation, building AI infrastructure, and leading internationally — including export of US AI stacks, datacenter permitting reform, and procurement preferences for 'ideologically neutral' models.",
      "whoIsAffected": "The operating system of current US AI policy: it drives agency rulemaking, procurement standards (including the 'unbiased AI' executive order), export promotion, and the federal posture against state regulation — essential context for any US AI strategy.",
      "domains": "Governance & Procurement; Frontier AI Safety; Standards & Assurance",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.ai.gov/action-plan",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/america-s-ai-action-plan"
    },
    {
      "id": "us-eo-14365",
      "slug": "executive-order-14365-ensuring-a-national-policy-framework-for-ai",
      "name": "Executive Order 14365 — Ensuring a National Policy Framework for AI",
      "jurisdiction": "United States (Federal)",
      "jurisdictionCode": "US",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2025-12-11",
      "description": "Directs the DOJ to create an AI Litigation Task Force to challenge state AI laws, conditions certain federal funding on states not enforcing 'onerous' AI rules, and tasks Commerce with cataloguing state laws that conflict with national policy — pushing toward a single federal framework.",
      "whoIsAffected": "Sets up the defining US AI-governance battle of 2026: federal preemption vs state police powers. Companies face genuine uncertainty over whether Colorado- and Texas-style obligations survive; litigation outcomes will shape US AI law for a decade.",
      "domains": "Governance & Procurement; Standards & Assurance",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/12/eliminating-state-law-obstruction-of-national-artificial-intelligence-policy/",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/executive-order-14365-ensuring-a-national-policy-framework-for-ai"
    },
    {
      "id": "us-take-it-down",
      "slug": "take-it-down-act",
      "name": "TAKE IT DOWN Act",
      "jurisdiction": "United States (Federal)",
      "jurisdictionCode": "US",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2025-05-19",
      "description": "Rare bipartisan federal AI statute criminalizing publication of non-consensual intimate images, including AI-generated deepfakes, and requiring platforms to remove reported content within 48 hours (systems required by May 2026).",
      "whoIsAffected": "The first significant federal law directly regulating AI-generated content — proof that narrowly-scoped, harm-specific AI legislation can pass Congress even amid the broader deregulatory stance, and a template for future deepfake rules.",
      "domains": "Biometrics & Surveillance; Data & Privacy",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/146",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/take-it-down-act"
    },
    {
      "id": "us-nist-rmf",
      "slug": "nist-ai-risk-management-framework",
      "name": "NIST AI Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0 + GenAI Profile)",
      "jurisdiction": "United States (Federal)",
      "jurisdictionCode": "US",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2023-01-26",
      "description": "The voluntary US reference framework for AI risk management (Govern/Map/Measure/Manage), extended by a Generative AI Profile in 2024. Widely embedded in state laws (e.g., Colorado, Texas safe harbors reference it) and enterprise programs.",
      "whoIsAffected": "In the absence of a federal statute, the AI RMF is the closest thing to a US compliance baseline — several state laws grant affirmative defenses to companies aligned with it, effectively making a voluntary framework quasi-binding.",
      "domains": "Standards & Assurance; Frontier AI Safety",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.nist.gov/itl/ai-risk-management-framework",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/nist-ai-risk-management-framework"
    },
    {
      "id": "us-colorado-ai-act",
      "slug": "colorado-ai-act",
      "name": "Colorado AI Act (SB 24-205)",
      "jurisdiction": "US States",
      "jurisdictionCode": "US-ST",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2026-06-30",
      "description": "The first comprehensive US state AI law: developers and deployers of 'high-risk' AI systems in consequential decisions (employment, lending, housing, healthcare) owe a duty of reasonable care against algorithmic discrimination, with impact assessments and notices. Effective 30 June 2026 after a legislative delay.",
      "whoIsAffected": "Developers and deployers of high-risk AI affecting Colorado residents",
      "domains": "Employment & Labor; Standards & Assurance",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb24-205",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/colorado-ai-act"
    },
    {
      "id": "us-texas-traiga",
      "slug": "texas-responsible-ai-governance-act",
      "name": "Texas Responsible AI Governance Act (HB 149, TRAIGA)",
      "jurisdiction": "US States",
      "jurisdictionCode": "US-ST",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2026-01-01",
      "description": "Texas's AI law (effective 1 Jan 2026) takes an intent-based approach: it prohibits developing or deploying AI to unlawfully discriminate, manipulate behavior, or produce CSAM/deepfake abuse, imposes disclosure duties on government AI use, and creates a regulatory sandbox.",
      "whoIsAffected": "Companies deploying AI in Texas; frontier developers and GenAI providers in California; Illinois employers",
      "domains": "Biometrics & Surveillance; Governance & Procurement",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://capitol.texas.gov/billlookup/History.aspx?LegSess=89R&Bill=HB149",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/texas-responsible-ai-governance-act"
    },
    {
      "id": "us-ca-sb53",
      "slug": "california-transparency-in-frontier-ai-act",
      "name": "California Transparency in Frontier AI Act (SB 53)",
      "jurisdiction": "US States",
      "jurisdictionCode": "US-ST",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2026-01-01",
      "description": "The first US law regulating frontier AI developers specifically: large developers must publish frontier AI frameworks, report catastrophic-risk safety incidents to the state, and receive whistleblower protections — a transparency-focused successor to the vetoed SB 1047.",
      "whoIsAffected": "Where the US actually regulates frontier labs. Its 'transparency without liability' design has become the reference model (New York's RAISE Act followed), and it makes published safety frameworks legally significant documents rather than PR.",
      "domains": "Frontier AI Safety",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB53",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/california-transparency-in-frontier-ai-act"
    },
    {
      "id": "us-ca-ab2013",
      "slug": "california-generative-ai-training-data-transparency-act",
      "name": "California Generative AI Training Data Transparency Act (AB 2013)",
      "jurisdiction": "US States",
      "jurisdictionCode": "US-ST",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2026-01-01",
      "description": "Requires developers of generative AI systems made available in California to publish documentation of training datasets — sources, whether copyrighted or personal data is included, and collection periods — for systems released since January 2022.",
      "whoIsAffected": "The most consequential training-data disclosure mandate in the US: it forces public documentation that plaintiffs in copyright litigation and privacy regulators can mine, effectively ending 'trade secret' silence about what frontier models are trained on.",
      "domains": "IP & Copyright; Data & Privacy",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB2013",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/california-generative-ai-training-data-transparency-act"
    },
    {
      "id": "us-ca-sb942",
      "slug": "california-ai-transparency-act",
      "name": "California AI Transparency Act (SB 942, as amended by AB 853)",
      "jurisdiction": "US States",
      "jurisdictionCode": "US-ST",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2026-08-02",
      "description": "Requires large GenAI providers (over 1M monthly users) to offer free AI-detection tools and embed latent provenance disclosures in AI-generated content; AB 853 (2025) delayed operation to August 2026 and extended duties to large platforms and capture devices.",
      "whoIsAffected": "The leading US content-provenance mandate — aligned in spirit with the EU's marking obligations that also bit in August 2026, pushing C2PA-style provenance from voluntary standard toward legal requirement across two major markets simultaneously.",
      "domains": "Standards & Assurance; IP & Copyright",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB942",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/california-ai-transparency-act"
    },
    {
      "id": "us-illinois-hb3773",
      "slug": "illinois-hb-3773-ai-in-employment",
      "name": "Illinois HB 3773 — AI in Employment (Human Rights Act amendment)",
      "jurisdiction": "US States",
      "jurisdictionCode": "US-ST",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2026-01-01",
      "description": "Amends the Illinois Human Rights Act to prohibit employers from using AI that discriminates in recruitment, hiring, promotion or discipline — including via zip-code proxies — and requires notice to employees when AI is used in employment decisions.",
      "whoIsAffected": "Employment is the highest-volume AI compliance surface for ordinary companies. Illinois joins NYC's audit law and Colorado's regime in making HR-tech the most regulated AI category in America.",
      "domains": "Employment & Labor",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/BillStatus.asp?DocNum=3773&GAID=17&DocTypeID=HB&SessionID=112&GA=103",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/illinois-hb-3773-ai-in-employment"
    },
    {
      "id": "us-nyc-ll144",
      "slug": "nyc-local-law-144-automated-employment-decision-tools",
      "name": "NYC Local Law 144 — Automated Employment Decision Tools",
      "jurisdiction": "US States",
      "jurisdictionCode": "US-ST",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2023-07-05",
      "description": "The first US law mandating independent bias audits: employers using automated employment decision tools for NYC hiring must obtain annual bias audits, publish results, and notify candidates.",
      "whoIsAffected": "The proving ground for algorithmic auditing as a regulatory tool — its enforcement record and audit-quality debates directly inform how impact-assessment duties in Colorado and the EU will play out in practice.",
      "domains": "Employment & Labor; Standards & Assurance",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.nyc.gov/site/dca/about/automated-employment-decision-tools.page",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/nyc-local-law-144-automated-employment-decision-tools"
    },
    {
      "id": "us-utah-ai-act",
      "slug": "utah-artificial-intelligence-policy-act",
      "name": "Utah Artificial Intelligence Policy Act (SB 149)",
      "jurisdiction": "US States",
      "jurisdictionCode": "US-ST",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2024-05-01",
      "description": "An early, light-touch state law: companies cannot blame generative AI for consumer-protection violations, regulated professions must disclose AI use, and an Office of AI Policy runs a learning-lab/sandbox program. Extended in 2025 with mental-health chatbot rules.",
      "whoIsAffected": "The 'disclosure plus sandbox' model that many lighter-touch states copy — and an early mover on AI companion/mental-health chatbot regulation, one of 2025-26's fastest-growing legislative fronts.",
      "domains": "Standards & Assurance; Data & Privacy",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://le.utah.gov/~2024/bills/static/SB0149.html",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/utah-artificial-intelligence-policy-act"
    },
    {
      "id": "us-tennessee-elvis",
      "slug": "tennessee-elvis-act",
      "name": "Tennessee ELVIS Act (Ensuring Likeness Voice and Image Security)",
      "jurisdiction": "US States",
      "jurisdictionCode": "US-ST",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2024-07-01",
      "description": "The first US law protecting voice against AI cloning: extends right-of-publicity protection to voice likeness and creates liability for distributing AI voice-cloning tools whose primary purpose is unauthorized reproduction.",
      "whoIsAffected": "The leading edge of AI likeness law — a model adopted amid the NO FAKES Act debate in Congress and directly relevant to music, entertainment and any synthetic-voice product strategy.",
      "domains": "IP & Copyright",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.capitol.tn.gov/Bills/113/Bill/SB2096.pdf",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/tennessee-elvis-act"
    },
    {
      "id": "us-ny-raise",
      "slug": "new-york-raise-act",
      "name": "New York RAISE Act (frontier model safety)",
      "jurisdiction": "US States",
      "jurisdictionCode": "US-ST",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2026-03-19",
      "description": "New York's frontier-model law requires large developers to publish safety protocols and report serious safety incidents, following California's transparency-first template after gubernatorial amendments softened its liability provisions.",
      "whoIsAffected": "Confirms a de facto US frontier-safety standard emerging state-by-state: publish a safety framework, report incidents. Two of the three largest state economies now bind frontier labs — raising the stakes of the federal preemption battle.",
      "domains": "Frontier AI Safety",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/S6953",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/new-york-raise-act"
    },
    {
      "id": "uk-approach",
      "slug": "uk-pro-innovation-ai-framework",
      "name": "UK Pro-Innovation AI Framework (principles-based, regulator-led)",
      "jurisdiction": "United Kingdom",
      "jurisdictionCode": "UK",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2023-03-29",
      "description": "The UK applies five cross-sector principles (safety, transparency, fairness, accountability, contestability) through existing regulators rather than a horizontal statute. The AI Safety Institute became the AI Security Institute in Feb 2025; a narrow frontier-AI bill remains promised but repeatedly deferred.",
      "whoIsAffected": "The leading real-world test of whether world-class evaluation capacity plus regulator guidance can substitute for legislation. For companies, the UK is a lighter-compliance market — but one where the direction (a future frontier bill, copyright reform) remains genuinely uncertain.",
      "domains": "Standards & Assurance; Frontier AI Safety",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-regulation-a-pro-innovation-approach",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/uk-pro-innovation-ai-framework"
    },
    {
      "id": "uk-duaa",
      "slug": "uk-data-use-and-access-act-2025",
      "name": "UK Data (Use and Access) Act 2025",
      "jurisdiction": "United Kingdom",
      "jurisdictionCode": "UK",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2025-06-19",
      "description": "Reforms UK GDPR and data law: relaxes rules on automated decision-making (except with special-category data), enables smart-data schemes and digital identity, and — after fierce parliamentary battles — deferred AI-and-copyright transparency questions to future legislation.",
      "whoIsAffected": "Loosening automated-decision rules gives UK-deployed AI more headroom than the EU — an early sign of regulatory divergence. The unresolved copyright fight it deferred is now the UK's most contested AI policy question.",
      "domains": "Data & Privacy",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2025/18",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/uk-data-use-and-access-act-2025"
    },
    {
      "id": "uk-copyright-consult",
      "slug": "uk-copyright-and-ai-reform",
      "name": "UK Copyright & AI Reform (consultation and expert groups)",
      "jurisdiction": "United Kingdom",
      "jurisdictionCode": "UK",
      "status": "Proposed / Draft",
      "keyDate": "2024-12-17",
      "description": "The government consulted on a text-and-data-mining exception with rights-holder opt-out (EU-style), triggering intense creative-industry opposition. Expert working groups on transparency and technical standards were convened in 2025; legislation is expected but not yet introduced.",
      "whoIsAffected": "The UK is the swing jurisdiction in the global training-data copyright fight: an opt-out TDM exception would align it with the EU and pressure the US fair-use debate, while transparency mandates would expose training corpora to rights-holder claims.",
      "domains": "IP & Copyright",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/copyright-and-artificial-intelligence",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/uk-copyright-and-ai-reform"
    },
    {
      "id": "cn-genai-measures",
      "slug": "china-interim-measures-for-generative-ai-services",
      "name": "China Interim Measures for Generative AI Services",
      "jurisdiction": "China",
      "jurisdictionCode": "CN",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2023-08-15",
      "description": "The world's first binding generative-AI regulation: public-facing GenAI services must undergo security assessment and algorithm filing, ensure training-data legality, label AI content, and uphold 'core socialist values' in outputs.",
      "whoIsAffected": "Defines the licensing-style model of GenAI regulation — hundreds of models have completed filings, giving the state a registry and approval gate over the sector that contrasts sharply with Western transparency-based approaches.",
      "domains": "Frontier AI Safety; Data & Privacy",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/generative-ai-interim/",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/china-interim-measures-for-generative-ai-services"
    },
    {
      "id": "cn-labeling",
      "slug": "china-ai-generated-content-labeling-measures",
      "name": "China AI-Generated Content Labeling Measures",
      "jurisdiction": "China",
      "jurisdictionCode": "CN",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2025-09-01",
      "description": "From September 2025, all AI-generated content in China must carry explicit labels (visible) and implicit labels (metadata), with platforms required to verify and re-label distributed content — the world's most comprehensive content-provenance mandate in operation.",
      "whoIsAffected": "China moved first and hardest on synthetic-content provenance; the EU (Aug 2026) and California followed. Global platforms and model providers now face three overlapping labeling regimes — provenance infrastructure has become mandatory plumbing.",
      "domains": "Standards & Assurance; Biometrics & Surveillance",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/ai-labeling/",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/china-ai-generated-content-labeling-measures"
    },
    {
      "id": "cn-deep-synthesis",
      "slug": "china-deep-synthesis-provisions",
      "name": "China Deep Synthesis Provisions",
      "jurisdiction": "China",
      "jurisdictionCode": "CN",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2023-01-10",
      "description": "Regulates deepfake and synthetic-media technology: consent requirements for editing biometric features, conspicuous labeling of synthetic content, and filing duties for deep-synthesis service providers.",
      "whoIsAffected": "The earliest binding deepfake regime and the foundation the 2025 labeling measures build on — evidence of China's incremental 'regulate each capability as it emerges' strategy.",
      "domains": "Biometrics & Surveillance",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/deep-synthesis/",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/china-deep-synthesis-provisions"
    },
    {
      "id": "cn-global-governance",
      "slug": "china-global-ai-governance-action-plan-and-world-ai-cooperation-organization",
      "name": "China Global AI Governance Action Plan & World AI Cooperation Organization",
      "jurisdiction": "China",
      "jurisdictionCode": "CN",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2025-07-26",
      "description": "At WAIC 2025 China launched a Global AI Governance Action Plan and proposed a Shanghai-headquartered World AI Cooperation Organization; a companion action plan on international AI ethics governance followed at WAIC 2026.",
      "whoIsAffected": "The clearest bid to build an alternative multilateral AI governance pole aligned with Global South development priorities — competing directly with the US export-led model and the EU regulatory model for influence over emerging markets' AI rules.",
      "domains": "Governance & Procurement; Standards & Assurance",
      "primarySourceUrl": "http://english.scio.gov.cn/topnews/2025-07/29/content_117980469.htm",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/china-global-ai-governance-action-plan-and-world-ai-cooperation-organization"
    },
    {
      "id": "kr-ai-framework-act",
      "slug": "south-korea-ai-framework-act",
      "name": "South Korea AI Framework Act (AI Basic Act)",
      "jurisdiction": "South Korea",
      "jurisdictionCode": "KR",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2026-01-22",
      "description": "The second comprehensive national AI law globally (after the EU): obligations for 'high-impact' AI in sectors like healthcare, energy and recruitment, generative-AI labeling requirements, safety duties for models above a compute threshold, and domestic-representative requirements for foreign providers.",
      "whoIsAffected": "AI providers serving the Korean market, including foreign providers above thresholds",
      "domains": "Frontier AI Safety; Standards & Assurance",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2026-02-20/south-korea-comprehensive-ai-legal-framework-takes-effect/",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/south-korea-ai-framework-act"
    },
    {
      "id": "jp-ai-promotion-act",
      "slug": "japan-ai-promotion-act",
      "name": "Japan AI Promotion Act",
      "jurisdiction": "Japan",
      "jurisdictionCode": "JP",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2025-09-01",
      "description": "Japan's first AI law is promotion-oriented: it establishes an AI Strategic Headquarters under the Cabinet, a national AI Basic Plan, and cooperation duties for businesses — with no penalties, relying on government ability to name uncooperative actors.",
      "whoIsAffected": "The purest 'light-touch by design' national law among major economies, betting that guidance plus reputational levers suffice. Its December 2025 R&D guideline shows how soft obligations get operational teeth without formal sanctions.",
      "domains": "Standards & Assurance; Governance & Procurement",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/ai/ai_guideline/ai_gl_eng_20260116.pdf",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/japan-ai-promotion-act"
    },
    {
      "id": "sg-model-framework",
      "slug": "singapore-model-ai-governance-framework-for-generative-ai-ai-verify",
      "name": "Singapore Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AI + AI Verify",
      "jurisdiction": "Singapore",
      "jurisdictionCode": "SG",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2024-05-30",
      "description": "Singapore's nine-dimension governance framework for generative AI (accountability, data, trusted development, incident reporting, testing, security, provenance, safety R&D, public good) paired with the AI Verify testing toolkit and Project Moonshot for LLM evaluation.",
      "whoIsAffected": "The most exported soft-law package in AI governance — companies and mid-size jurisdictions adopt Singapore's frameworks as practical baselines, making IMDA a standards-setter beyond its size.",
      "domains": "Standards & Assurance",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://aiverifyfoundation.sg/resources/mgf-gen-ai/",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/singapore-model-ai-governance-framework-for-generative-ai-ai-verify"
    },
    {
      "id": "in-ai-guidelines",
      "slug": "india-ai-governance-guidelines",
      "name": "India AI Governance Guidelines",
      "jurisdiction": "India",
      "jurisdictionCode": "IN",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2025-11-05",
      "description": "MeitY's governance framework opts against a standalone AI act: it applies existing law through seven sutras (principles), an AI Governance Group and Safety Institute, voluntary commitments, and an incident-reporting approach, with amendments to IT rules for deepfake labeling under consultation.",
      "whoIsAffected": "The most populous nation chose techno-optimist, guidelines-first governance ahead of hosting the 2026 AI Impact Summit — a hugely influential signal for Global South jurisdictions weighing EU-style law against pro-innovation flexibility.",
      "domains": "Standards & Assurance; Data & Privacy",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.meity.gov.in/documents/india-ai-governance-guidelines",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/india-ai-governance-guidelines"
    },
    {
      "id": "in-dpdp",
      "slug": "india-digital-personal-data-protection-act-2023-2025-rules",
      "name": "India Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023 + 2025 Rules",
      "jurisdiction": "India",
      "jurisdictionCode": "IN",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2025-11-14",
      "description": "India's data-protection regime became operational with the November 2025 rules: consent-manager infrastructure, breach notification, children's data rules and significant-data-fiduciary obligations — the legal foundation for AI training and deployment involving Indians' data.",
      "whoIsAffected": "Sets the data-side boundary conditions for AI in the world's largest market by users. Significant data fiduciaries (large AI platforms will qualify) face algorithmic due-diligence duties — India's primary lever over AI behavior absent an AI act.",
      "domains": "Data & Privacy",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.meity.gov.in/data-protection-framework",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/india-digital-personal-data-protection-act-2023-2025-rules"
    },
    {
      "id": "au-guardrails",
      "slug": "australia-voluntary-ai-safety-standard-and-proposed-mandatory-guardrails",
      "name": "Australia Voluntary AI Safety Standard & Proposed Mandatory Guardrails",
      "jurisdiction": "Australia",
      "jurisdictionCode": "AU-NAT",
      "status": "Proposed / Draft",
      "keyDate": "2024-09-05",
      "description": "Australia published a ten-guardrail Voluntary AI Safety Standard and consulted on making guardrails mandatory for high-risk AI. The government has since signaled preference for adapting existing laws (privacy, consumer, online safety) over a dedicated AI act, leaving the mandatory proposal in limbo.",
      "whoIsAffected": "A case study in regulatory hesitation: strong public consultation followed by drift toward existing-law reform. Businesses face voluntary standards today with genuine uncertainty about whether binding duties arrive.",
      "domains": "Standards & Assurance",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.industry.gov.au/publications/voluntary-ai-safety-standard",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/australia-voluntary-ai-safety-standard-and-proposed-mandatory-guardrails"
    },
    {
      "id": "ca-aida-lapsed",
      "slug": "canada-aida-lapsed-and-renewed-ai-strategy",
      "name": "Canada AIDA (lapsed) & renewed AI strategy",
      "jurisdiction": "Canada",
      "jurisdictionCode": "CA",
      "status": "Early signal",
      "keyDate": "2025-01-06",
      "description": "The Artificial Intelligence and Data Act died when Parliament was prorogued in January 2025. Canada has since appointed its first AI minister, launched an AI Strategy Task Force, and maintains a voluntary generative-AI code of conduct while weighing a successor framework.",
      "whoIsAffected": "A cautionary tale about legislative timing — Canada went from early mover to blank slate. The successor approach (expected to be more innovation-friendly) will indicate whether middle powers still see comprehensive AI law as viable.",
      "domains": "Standards & Assurance",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/ised/en/canadas-ai-strategy",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/canada-aida-lapsed-and-renewed-ai-strategy"
    },
    {
      "id": "br-pl2338",
      "slug": "brazil-ai-bill",
      "name": "Brazil AI Bill (PL 2338/2023)",
      "jurisdiction": "Brazil",
      "jurisdictionCode": "BR",
      "status": "Proposed / Draft",
      "keyDate": "2024-12-10",
      "description": "Brazil's EU-inspired risk-based AI bill passed the Senate in December 2024 and is pending in the Chamber of Deputies: risk classification, banned practices, copyright remuneration for training data, and an ANPD-coordinated enforcement system (SIA).",
      "whoIsAffected": "Would be Latin America's benchmark AI law and the strongest test of the Brussels effect in the Americas — including a globally watched provision requiring remuneration of rights holders for content used in AI training.",
      "domains": "Standards & Assurance; Data & Privacy",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www25.senado.leg.br/web/atividade/materias/-/materia/157233",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/brazil-ai-bill"
    },
    {
      "id": "ae-strategy",
      "slug": "uae-national-ai-strategy-2031-and-ai-charter",
      "name": "UAE National AI Strategy 2031 & AI Charter",
      "jurisdiction": "United Arab Emirates",
      "jurisdictionCode": "AE",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2019-04-01",
      "description": "The UAE governs AI as a national champion project: the 2031 strategy, a 12-principle AI Charter (2024), the world's first AI ministry, and a 2025 initiative to use AI in drafting and updating legislation itself via a Regulatory Intelligence Office.",
      "whoIsAffected": "The purest state-capitalist AI model — massive sovereign compute investments (G42, Stargate UAE) with governance through institutions rather than statute. Its AI-drafted-legislation experiment is a world-first in regulatory automation.",
      "domains": "Governance & Procurement",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://ai.gov.ae/",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/uae-national-ai-strategy-2031-and-ai-charter"
    },
    {
      "id": "coe-convention",
      "slug": "council-of-europe-framework-convention-on-ai-human-rights-democracy-and-the-rule",
      "name": "Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI, Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law",
      "jurisdiction": "Council of Europe",
      "jurisdictionCode": "CoE",
      "status": "Coming into force",
      "keyDate": "2024-09-05",
      "description": "The first legally binding international AI treaty, requiring parties to ensure AI activities respect human rights, democracy and rule of law across the AI lifecycle — signed by the EU, US, UK, Japan, Israel and others, with ratifications progressing through 2025-26.",
      "whoIsAffected": "The only instrument that could bind the US, EU and UK to common AI obligations. Its flexible 'graduated obligations' for private actors will test whether treaty-based AI governance has real teeth or remains declaratory.",
      "domains": "Standards & Assurance; Biometrics & Surveillance",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.coe.int/en/web/artificial-intelligence/the-framework-convention-on-artificial-intelligence",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/council-of-europe-framework-convention-on-ai-human-rights-democracy-and-the-rule"
    },
    {
      "id": "g7-hiroshima",
      "slug": "g7-hiroshima-process-international-code-of-conduct-for-advanced-ai",
      "name": "G7 Hiroshima Process — International Code of Conduct for Advanced AI",
      "jurisdiction": "G7 / OECD / UN",
      "jurisdictionCode": "INTL",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2023-10-30",
      "description": "The G7's voluntary code of conduct for organizations developing advanced AI: risk assessment, red-teaming, incident reporting, provenance, and safety research investment — with an OECD transparency reporting framework operational since 2025.",
      "whoIsAffected": "The bridge between Western frontier labs and governments before binding law arrived; its reporting framework created the first comparable public disclosures of frontier-safety practices across companies.",
      "domains": "Frontier AI Safety; Standards & Assurance",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/100573473.pdf",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/g7-hiroshima-process-international-code-of-conduct-for-advanced-ai"
    },
    {
      "id": "oecd-principles",
      "slug": "oecd-ai-principles",
      "name": "OECD AI Principles (2024 revision)",
      "jurisdiction": "G7 / OECD / UN",
      "jurisdictionCode": "INTL",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2024-05-03",
      "description": "The first intergovernmental AI standard (2019), updated in 2024 to address general-purpose and generative AI, misinformation and safety. Adhered to by 47+ jurisdictions; its AI-system definition is used by the EU AI Act and many national laws.",
      "whoIsAffected": "The definitional bedrock of global AI law — when regulators from Brussels to Seoul define 'AI system', they quote the OECD. Its policy observatory is the standing venue for regulatory interoperability work.",
      "domains": "Standards & Assurance",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://oecd.ai/en/ai-principles",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/oecd-ai-principles"
    },
    {
      "id": "un-governance",
      "slug": "un-global-dialogue-on-ai-governance-and-independent-scientific-panel",
      "name": "UN Global Dialogue on AI Governance & Independent Scientific Panel",
      "jurisdiction": "G7 / OECD / UN",
      "jurisdictionCode": "INTL",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2025-08-26",
      "description": "Following its 2024 AI resolutions and the Global Digital Compact, the UN General Assembly established an Independent International Scientific Panel on AI and a Global Dialogue on AI Governance — the first universal-membership mechanisms for AI, launched in Geneva in 2026.",
      "whoIsAffected": "The only governance track where all 193 states participate. The Scientific Panel could become AI's IPCC — a consensus evidence base future binding instruments build on — and the venue where Global South capacity concerns get institutional standing.",
      "domains": "Standards & Assurance; Governance & Procurement",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.un.org/global-digital-compact/en/ai",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/un-global-dialogue-on-ai-governance-and-independent-scientific-panel"
    },
    {
      "id": "iso-42001",
      "slug": "iso-iec-42001-ai-management-system-standard",
      "name": "ISO/IEC 42001 — AI Management System Standard",
      "jurisdiction": "G7 / OECD / UN",
      "jurisdictionCode": "INTL",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2023-12-18",
      "description": "The first certifiable AI management-system standard (the 'ISO 27001 of AI'): organizations implement risk-based AI governance, controls and continuous improvement, with third-party certification growing rapidly since 2024.",
      "whoIsAffected": "Fast becoming the procurement passport for enterprise AI — buyers increasingly require 42001 certification, and regulators treat alignment as evidence of reasonable care. Harmonised EU standards under the AI Act will interlock with it.",
      "domains": "Standards & Assurance",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.iso.org/standard/42001",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/iso-iec-42001-ai-management-system-standard"
    },
    {
      "id": "africa-strategy",
      "slug": "african-union-continental-ai-strategy",
      "name": "African Union Continental AI Strategy",
      "jurisdiction": "African Union",
      "jurisdictionCode": "AU",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2024-07-18",
      "description": "The AU's continental strategy centers development, African data sovereignty, capacity building and harmonized governance, with member states developing national AI policies (Rwanda, Nigeria, Kenya, Egypt among leaders) under its umbrella.",
      "whoIsAffected": "Defines how 55 countries approach AI adoption and rule-making — and the arena where EU regulatory, US commercial and Chinese infrastructure-led governance models compete most directly for influence.",
      "domains": "Governance & Procurement; Standards & Assurance",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://au.int/en/documents/20240809/continental-artificial-intelligence-strategy",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/african-union-continental-ai-strategy"
    },
    {
      "id": "summit-track",
      "slug": "ai-summit-series",
      "name": "AI Summit Series (Bletchley → Seoul → Paris → India)",
      "jurisdiction": "G7 / OECD / UN",
      "jurisdictionCode": "INTL",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2023-11-01",
      "description": "The leader-level summit track evolved from frontier-safety focus (Bletchley Declaration, Seoul frontier-safety commitments) to action-and-adoption framing in Paris 2025 and inclusive-development framing at India's 2026 AI Impact Summit.",
      "whoIsAffected": "The barometer of global AI governance mood: the drift from 'safety' to 'action' to 'impact' tracks the worldwide deregulatory turn. Frontier-safety commitments made at Seoul remain the reference voluntary pledges for leading labs.",
      "domains": "Frontier AI Safety",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/frontier-ai-safety-commitments-ai-seoul-summit-2024",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/ai-summit-series"
    },
    {
      "id": "no-eea-ai-act",
      "slug": "eea-incorporation-and-norwegian-transposition-of-the-eu-ai-act",
      "name": "EEA incorporation and Norwegian transposition of the EU AI Act",
      "jurisdiction": "Norway",
      "jurisdictionCode": "NO",
      "status": "Proposed / Draft",
      "keyDate": "2027-01-01",
      "description": "Norway is not an EU member but is bound to the single market through the EEA Agreement. The AI Act must be incorporated into the Agreement and then transposed into Norwegian law before it applies domestically. Preparatory work on the national implementation act and authority designation is under way.",
      "whoIsAffected": "Norwegian providers and deployers of AI systems, and public bodies procuring them",
      "domains": "Standards & Assurance; Frontier AI Safety; Biometrics & Surveillance",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/eea-incorporation-and-norwegian-transposition-of-the-eu-ai-act"
    },
    {
      "id": "no-datatilsynet-sandbox",
      "slug": "datatilsynet-regulatory-sandbox-for-responsible-artificial-intelligence",
      "name": "Datatilsynet regulatory sandbox for responsible artificial intelligence",
      "jurisdiction": "Norway",
      "jurisdictionCode": "NO",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2021-01-01",
      "description": "A supervised environment in which selected organisations develop AI systems with direct guidance from the Norwegian Data Protection Authority. Each project ends in a published report setting out how data-protection law applies to the specific use case.",
      "whoIsAffected": "The sandbox reports have become de facto interpretive guidance well beyond Norway, and the model was one of the references for the AI Act's own regulatory sandbox requirement. For Norwegian organisations it is the cheapest route to legal certainty on a novel AI use case.",
      "domains": "Data & Privacy; Standards & Assurance",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.datatilsynet.no/en/regulations-and-tools/sandbox-for-artificial-intelligence/",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/datatilsynet-regulatory-sandbox-for-responsible-artificial-intelligence"
    },
    {
      "id": "no-ai-strategy",
      "slug": "norwegian-national-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence-and-the-digitalisation-s",
      "name": "Norwegian national strategy for artificial intelligence and the digitalisation strategy to 2030",
      "jurisdiction": "Norway",
      "jurisdictionCode": "NO",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2020-01-14",
      "description": "Norway's AI policy is set out in a national AI strategy and the digitalisation strategy running to 2030, built on ethical principles drawn from the EU high-level expert group, public-sector adoption targets, and sustained funding for AI research centres and national computing capacity.",
      "whoIsAffected": "Strategy documents set procurement expectations before law does. Norwegian public bodies increasingly require suppliers to evidence the strategy's ethical principles, making it a commercial requirement rather than a statement of intent.",
      "domains": "Governance & Procurement; Standards & Assurance",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/nasjonal-strategi-for-kunstig-intelligens/id2685594/",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/norwegian-national-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence-and-the-digitalisation-s"
    },
    {
      "id": "no-forvaltningsloven-automated",
      "slug": "norwegian-public-administration-act-rules-on-automated-decision-making",
      "name": "Norwegian Public Administration Act rules on automated decision-making",
      "jurisdiction": "Norway",
      "jurisdictionCode": "NO",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2022-06-01",
      "description": "Norwegian administrative law permits fully automated individual decisions only where authorised, and requires that the rules underlying such decisions be documented and made available. It sits alongside the Personal Data Act's implementation of GDPR Article 22.",
      "whoIsAffected": "This is the binding constraint that actually bites on public-sector AI in Norway today, years ahead of the AI Act. Any algorithmic decision affecting an individual's rights must survive it.",
      "domains": "Governance & Procurement; Data & Privacy",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/1967-02-10",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/norwegian-public-administration-act-rules-on-automated-decision-making"
    },
    {
      "id": "dk-ai-act-implementation",
      "slug": "danish-act-implementing-the-eu-ai-act",
      "name": "Danish act implementing the EU AI Act",
      "jurisdiction": "Denmark",
      "jurisdictionCode": "DK",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2025-08-02",
      "description": "Denmark was among the first member states to legislate the national machinery of the AI Act: designating market-surveillance and notifying authorities, allocating supervisory competence across sector regulators, and setting national sanction powers.",
      "whoIsAffected": "Early designation means Danish supervisors are operational while other member states are still deciding who is in charge. For companies, Denmark is where AI Act supervision becomes real first in the Nordics.",
      "domains": "Standards & Assurance",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://en.digst.dk/",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/danish-act-implementing-the-eu-ai-act"
    },
    {
      "id": "dk-deepfake-copyright",
      "slug": "danish-copyright-amendment-on-likeness-and-voice-against-deepfakes",
      "name": "Danish copyright amendment on likeness and voice against deepfakes",
      "jurisdiction": "Denmark",
      "jurisdictionCode": "DK",
      "status": "Proposed / Draft",
      "keyDate": "2025-06-27",
      "description": "A proposed amendment to Danish copyright law granting individuals rights over realistic digital reproductions of their appearance and voice, allowing takedown demands against deepfakes distributed without consent, with exemptions for parody and satire.",
      "whoIsAffected": "It is the first serious attempt in Europe to treat a person's likeness as a protected work rather than relying on defamation or data-protection law. If adopted, platforms face a new takedown class with pan-European spillover.",
      "domains": "IP & Copyright; Biometrics & Surveillance",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://kum.dk/",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/danish-copyright-amendment-on-likeness-and-voice-against-deepfakes"
    },
    {
      "id": "se-ai-act-implementation",
      "slug": "swedish-implementation-of-the-eu-ai-act-and-authority-designation",
      "name": "Swedish implementation of the EU AI Act and authority designation",
      "jurisdiction": "Sweden",
      "jurisdictionCode": "SE",
      "status": "Proposed / Draft",
      "keyDate": "2025-09-30",
      "description": "Sweden's AI Act inquiry proposed designating the data-protection authority IMY as coordinating market-surveillance authority, with sector regulators retaining domain competence and a national sanctions regime aligned with the Act.",
      "whoIsAffected": "Sweden hosts a disproportionate share of Nordic AI industry. How lightly or heavily it implements supervision sets the practical compliance temperature for the region.",
      "domains": "Standards & Assurance",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.regeringen.se/",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/swedish-implementation-of-the-eu-ai-act-and-authority-designation"
    },
    {
      "id": "fi-ai-act-implementation",
      "slug": "finnish-act-on-the-supervision-of-the-eu-ai-act",
      "name": "Finnish act on the supervision of the EU AI Act",
      "jurisdiction": "Finland",
      "jurisdictionCode": "FI",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2025-08-02",
      "description": "Finland distributes AI Act market surveillance across roughly ten existing sector authorities rather than creating a new regulator, with Traficom acting as the coordinating point of contact.",
      "whoIsAffected": "The distributed model keeps supervision close to sector expertise but makes the first question for any Finnish deployment a jurisdictional one: which regulator owns this system.",
      "domains": "Standards & Assurance",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.traficom.fi/en",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/finnish-act-on-the-supervision-of-the-eu-ai-act"
    },
    {
      "id": "nordic-digital-cooperation",
      "slug": "nordic-baltic-digitalisation-and-ai-cooperation-programme",
      "name": "Nordic-Baltic digitalisation and AI cooperation programme",
      "jurisdiction": "Nordic Cooperation",
      "jurisdictionCode": "NORD",
      "status": "In force",
      "keyDate": "2022-01-01",
      "description": "A ministerial cooperation programme under the Nordic Council of Ministers covering cross-border digital identity, health and mobility data sharing, and coordinated positions on EU digital files including AI.",
      "whoIsAffected": "It is the mechanism through which five small states negotiate as one in Brussels. Nordic alignment ahead of a Council position is often the earliest visible signal of where an EU digital file will land.",
      "domains": "Governance & Procurement; Standards & Assurance",
      "primarySourceUrl": "https://www.norden.org/en",
      "lastReviewed": "2026-08-13",
      "url": "https://impactlabglobal.com/policy-radar/instrument/nordic-baltic-digitalisation-and-ai-cooperation-programme"
    }
  ]
}